Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center

Retinoblastoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the retina.
Children with a family history of retinoblastoma should have eye exams to check for retinoblastoma.
Retinoblastoma occurs in heritable and nonheritable forms.
A child who has heritable retinoblastoma has an increased risk of trilateral retinoblastoma and other cancers.
Genetic testing can determine whether a child has the heritable or nonheritable form of retinoblastoma.
Signs and symptoms of retinoblastoma include "white pupil" and eyes that appear to be looking in different directions (crossed eyes).
Tests that examine the retina are used to diagnose retinoblastoma.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Neuroblastoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in neuroblasts (immature nerve tissue) in the adrenal glands, neck, chest, or spinal cord.
Neuroblastoma is sometimes caused by a gene mutation (change) passed from the parent to the child.
Signs and symptoms of neuroblastoma include a lump in the abdomen, neck, or chest or bone pain.
Tests that examine many different body tissues and fluids are used to diagnose neuroblastoma.
A biopsy is done to diagnose neuroblastoma.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lymph system, which is a part of the body's immune system.
There are three major types of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
- Aggressive mature B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
- Lymphoblastic lymphoma
- Anaplastic large cell lymphoma
Some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are rare in children.
Having a weakened immune system increases the risk of NHL in children.
Signs of childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma include breathing problems and swollen lymph nodes.
Tests that examine the body and lymph system are used to diagnose childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
A biopsy is done to diagnose childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Childhood Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lymph system.
The two main types of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma are classic and nodular lymphocyte-predominant.
Epstein-Barr virus infection and a family history of Hodgkin lymphoma can increase the risk of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma.
Signs of childhood Hodgkin lymphoma include swollen lymph nodes, fever, drenching night sweats, and weight loss.
Tests that examine the lymph system and other parts of the body are used to diagnose and stage childhood Hodgkin lymphoma.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Childhood liver cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver.
There are different types of childhood liver cancer.
Certain diseases and conditions can increase the risk of childhood liver cancer.
Signs and symptoms of childhood liver cancer include a lump or pain in the abdomen.
Tests that examine the liver and the blood are used to diagnose childhood liver cancer and find out whether the cancer has spread.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Childhood Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors Treatment Overview

Childhood acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a type of cancer in which the bone marrow makes a large number of abnormal blood cells.
Leukemia and other diseases of the blood and bone marrow may affect red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
Other myeloid diseases can affect the blood and bone marrow.
- Transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM)
- Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL)
- Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML)
- Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
- Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
AML or MDS may occur after treatment with certain chemotherapy drugs and/or radiation therapy.
The risk factors for childhood acute myeloid leukemia and other myeloid malignancies are similar.
Signs and symptoms of childhood acute myeloid leukemia and other myeloid malignancies include fever, feeling tired, and easy bleeding or bruising.
Tests that examine the blood and bone marrow are used to diagnose and find any spread of childhood acute myeloid leukemia and other myeloid malignancies.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Childhood

Vulvar cancer is a rare disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the vulva.
Having vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia or HPV infection can increase the risk of vulvar cancer.
Signs of vulvar cancer include bleeding or itching in the vulvar area.
Tests that examine the vulva are used to diagnose vulvar cancer.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.

Vaginal cancer is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the vagina.
Older age and having an HPV infection are risk factors for vaginal cancer.
Signs and symptoms of vaginal cancer include pain or abnormal vaginal bleeding.
Tests that examine the vagina and other organs in the pelvis are used to diagnose vaginal cancer.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.